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Peter Chaadaev, one of the first Russian religious thinkers, wrote in his Apologia of a Madman: “I have not learned to love my fatherland with my eyes closed, forehead bowed, mouth closed. I find that one can be useful to one’s country only on the condition that one sees things clearly; I believe that the times of blind loves are over, that fanaticisms of any kind are no longer in season, that now we first of all owe the fatherland the truth”. These words seem to be of particular importance nowadays and not only in Russia, but in countries around the world. We are going to study Chaadaev’s personality and works and investigate the relation between the love of fatherland and the love of truth, analyzing the links between philosophy, theology and nationality, and tracing the tensions between the universal and the particular in Russian thought. After all, as Chaadaev subsequently wrote, “we are called upon to resolve most of the problems in the social order, to accomplish most of the ideas which arose in the old societies, to make a pronouncement about those very grave questions which preoccupy humanity.”