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Lactobacilli release into medium (sub)micromolar amounts of DOPA, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin (produced by L. helveticus 100ash only), GABA (at concentrations that are close to those in the human blood and spinal fluid), glutamate, glycine, and taurine. The data obtained suggest that the bacteria that interact with the human organism, exemplified by several Lactobacillus species/strains, form neuromediators that influence the functioning of the brain.