ИСТИНА

Discoveries concerning the properties of aqueous systems representing both UHD and aqueous solutions with “normal” concentrations of different solutes were made during the last two decades. Contrary to the current theory of solutions considering them as homogenous systems it turned out that structures with sizes of hundreds of nanometers are present in them. These “domains” gradually form after dissolution the solutes in water. They contain both the solvent and solutes and are long-lived. Upon dilution domains do not disappear, on the contrary their size usually grows up. Nanosized (100-500 nm) inclusions do not disappear in sequential dilutions even when calculated concentration of original solutes in them tends to zero and when these molecular ensembles practically do not contain solutes. As they differ from “domains” in “normal” solutions they were called "nanoassociates" (NA) by A.I. Konovalov. NA appear in UHD of about only 75% of tested substances. They are negatively charged; their charge and sizes change nonmonotonically with successive serial dilutions. Patterns of NA parameters are specific for each particular BAS and correlate with the occurrence of biological effects produced by UHD in different test systems. It was discovered that shielding of UHD from ambient EMF prevents NA appearance in UHD below the "threshold concentration" (10-5 – 10-8 M for different substances). Only those UHD that contained NA, that are prepared from “active” substances and are not shielded from ambient EMF displayed biological effects. UHD that contained NA demonstrated different from pure water electrical conductivity and surface tension. Thus contrary to current models of aqueous solutions real solutions of water-soluble molecules and their UHD are nano-heterogeneous. They should be defined not as solutions in a classical sense of the term but as nanodisperse systems. In such systems disperse phase is represented by “domains” containing both solute and solvent molecules or by NA composed of only solute molecules in UHD. As the number of water molecules may reach hundreds of millions in NA, UHD may represent a disperse system of a "water in water" kind. The emergence of domains and NA in disperse systems represents the process of self-organization of an aqueous system and they should be considered as dissipative non-equilibrium systems possessing free energy and capable to perform work. Notably those processes of self-organization especially the process of NA emergence in UHD depend on the ambient EMF. NA present in UHD prepared from particular molecular disperse systems are likely to be organized in accordance with the program specified by solute molecules. We suppose that newly discovered physical-chemical properties of UHD containing NA prove that they are basically different from a pure solvent