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In the report the prehistory, current situation and possible mechanism of effective accelerated transmutation of both stable and radioactive isotopes during growth of pure microbiological cultures and combined biological substance (aerobic and anaerobic syntrophic associations) are presented and discussed. Special attention in the report is paid to the problem of the use of biotechnology for accelerated transmutation of both heavy stable isotopes and most dangerous reactor radionuclides to stable ones. During our last successful experiments we have made substantial progress in the understanding of these processes and their optimization. In our earlier experiments [1] the typical rate of nuclear transformations (including transmutation of stable nuclei and deactivation of radionuclides) was about 8 1 10 s (transmuted nuclei per s and per single initial nucleus). In the case of transmutation of reactor isotopes (e.g. 137 138 Cs p Ba ) it was equivalent to a decrease of the lifetime of 137 Cs from the natural value 30 years to 270 days. Currently, a greater understanding of the physical and biophysical processes [2-4] and the improvement of technology has led to an increase the experimental rate of transmutation in our last experiments to 6 7 1 10 5.10 s for both stable and radioactive isotopes. In the case of transmutation of 137 Cs reaction isotope it is equivalent (taking into account the peculiarities of the process of biochemical metabolism of growing biological systems) to a decrease of the lifetime from 30 years to 50-70 days. According our theoretical investigations the mechanism of giant acceleration of the probability of nuclear reactions in growing biological systems is the same that takes place in general LENR problem and is, most possible, connected with the formation of coherent correlated states (CCS) of interacting particles (e.g. protons) [5-7] in very numerous natural intracellular and intercellular non-stationary potential nanowells in growth zones of biological substance. During such self-similar process of CCS formation the phenomena of the giant increase of very low barrier transparency 100 550 P 10 10 for “usual” LENR with participation of light, intermediate and heavy isotopes (including 133 134 Cs p Ba and 137 138 Cs p Ba reactions) to 1 15 P 10 10 takes place, that is in good agreement with our experimental data of last time.