ИСТИНА

The Grand Challenges (GC) such as climate change are the main factors controlling human well-being and security and the stability of future societies. The GCs are highly connected and interlinked. The potential solutions are typically tightly coupled with each other (e.g. Kulmala et al., 2015). In order to meet these tasks, we need a multidisciplinary scientific approach with the required critical mass and an approach being strongly connected to fast-tracked policy making. The atmosphere forms a major part of the environment to which life on Earth is sensitively responsive. The atmosphere closely interacts with the biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and lithosphere as well as with the urban surfaces on time scales from seconds to millennia (Wanner et al., 2008). Changes in one of these components are directly or indirectly communicated to the others via intricately-linked processes and feedbacks. In recent years, a lot of research has been motivated by the importance of atmospheric aerosols on the global radiation budget, cloud formation and human health. Concentrations of reactive gases, greenhouse gases and atmospheric aerosol particles are tightly connected with each other via physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the atmosphere, biosphere and at their interface (Arneth et al. 2010, Stocker et al., 2013; Kulmala et al., 2014a; Unger, 2014). Human and societal actions, such as emission control policies, urbanization, forest management and land use change, as well as various natural feedback mechanisms involving the biosphere and atmosphere, have substantial impacts on the complicated couplings between atmospheric aerosols, trace gases, GHG, air quality and climate (Raes et al. 2010; Shindell et al. 2012; Stocker et al. 2013, Kulmala et al. 2015, Kulmala 2015). Here we summarize the present knowledge on air quality – climate interactions and feedbacks and also give future perspectives particularly in Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) approach point of view.