ИСТИНА

Процессы, протекающие в экологической ситуации российских городов в 90-е годы, неоднозначны и не совпадают с мировыми тенденциями. Специфика, сложившейся в России, в переходный период заключается в том, что определяющее влияние на экологию оказывала не природоохранная политика, а макроэкономическая ситуация и фактор структурной перестройки экономики. Поэтому рост промышленности после 1998 г. обусловил рост загрязнения примерно в половине городов России и 48 регионах. И хотя загрязнение растет меньшими темпами, чем объем промышленного производства, негативные тенденции переходного периода преодолеть пока не удается. Сохраняется тенденция опережающего роста наиболее «грязных» отраслей. Наибольший рост загрязнения наблюдается в добывающем сегменте топливной промышленности (третья часть всего атмосферного загрязнения), где основные источники загрязнения расположены за пределами городских территорий, хотя там, где это в пределах городских территорий наблюдается десятикратный рост. В результате загрязнение смещается на все более уязвимые природные территории. Особую опасность представляет то, что в топливной промышленности наименьшей уровень улавливания и утилизации продуктов загрязнения. К тому же, если нефтедобывающая промышленность является лидером по количеству инвестиций в основные фонды природоохранного назначения, то газовая на одном из последних мест. В результате в целом экономика Росси продолжает оставаться ресурсоемкой, в которой наблюдается рост большинства удельных показателей загрязнения. Но рост удельного загрязнения атмосферы, наблюдавшийся в переходный период во всех типах городов кроме крупнейших, постепенно сменился сокращением атмосферного загрязнения, как относительно стоимости промышленной продукции, так и в расчете на натуральный объем за счет уменьшения условно постоянных издержек в суммарных затратах. Но крайнее замедление темпов сокращения близкое к стагнации этого наиболее важного показателя экологической эффективности для относительно успешных предприятий, осуществивших хотя бы частичное перевооружение производства, в частности, в металлургии, говорит о том, что пик экологизации за счет ликвидации наиболее старой части фондов уже позади и потребуется качественно новое перевооружение производств. THE TENDENCIES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION CHANGE IN RUSSIAN CITIES DURING THE PERIOD OF ECONOMIC GROWTH Processes have been shaping the ecological situation of Russian cities through the 1990s are ambiguous and different to the global tendencies. The Russian peculiarity of the transformation period is described by not the environmental policy but macroeconomic situation and structural reconstruction having the deciding effect on environment. Reduction of pollution (especially of sewage waters and solid wastes) has been occurring slower than the decrease of industrial production. This tendency was a result of economic “weighting”, abrupt intensification of problems connected to repnewal of basic production facilities and their technological degradation, inefficient load of capacities. Moreover, considerable volumes of pollution have been forming in communal-general sector, which requirements do not reduce during the crisis. Therefore the industrial growth after 1999 has caused the pollution increase (but with the slower rate of 3.5% and starting only from early 2000) in about half of the Russian cities and 48 regions. Volumes of sewage waters and the water scoop were decreasing by the 0.5 – 0.7% annually in 2000-2003. Compensatory industrial growth has affected the import-substituting branches with the minimal specific pollution, mainly food industry, first. In crisis circumstances inner structural conversion took place. All enterprises have abandoned the worst production facilities and the most successful manufacturers have reconstructed their production. The great oil income allowed the saturation of economics by the liquidity, money supply increased from 14% in 1998 to 21% in 2003. The economics has literally absorbed this money, bank capitals have grown, “drawing up” became easier and investments influx took place. In recent years these processes slowed down because of the investment risks increase. And despite the pollution was growing slower than industries, the negative tendencies of the transformational period have not been overcome still, they have even become to some extent stronger. Limit of the “environmentalisation” is very close in this way cause the reducing of specific pollution indexes is reached by the decrease of fixed expenses in total cost (in general this process has some positive features). The deceleration of production rates and slow decrease of specific indices was caused by the continuing “weighting” of economic structure and specificity of investment growth, which was characterized by the low capital intensity at the first stage. This tendency is confirmed in case of selected cities. Volume of specific wastes is inversely proportional to the population for most of the cities. Evidently, this is the “second-order” from the creation of production complexes in industrial zones with the united infrastructure (for example, common heat-power plant). The slowest decrease rate of specific emissions in largest cities proves that such effect had in many respects been exhausted. The second negative tendency is concluded in the growth of specific wastes exactly in cities with highest wastes (10-100 times over Russian average, fig.1). The load of stream-off capacities without investments caused the increase of specific pollution mainly in small cities. The exaggerated growth (8-17% over the rates of production increase) was observed in extractive branches of fuel industry with the main sources of pollution located out of the urban areas. These factors caused spatial shifts of pollution from the region centres to the outlying districts, to the more vulnerable natural territories. This tendency becomes apparent mostly in regions, where centres with gas-compressor stations are located. Specific wastes in these centres (Ivdel, Sosnogorsk, Gornozavodsk) reach hundred kg per 1000 rubles of commercial output. Volumes of wastes in districts of Perm region, where gas-compressor stations and gas trunk pipelines are located, exceed total pollution of Perm city. Volumes of wastes in gas industry do not grow only due to change of accounting system in 2001. Methane discharges take no account now, so it caused nominally decrease of hydrocarbon pollution (e.g. 7.5 times since 2000 in Myshkin town). The particular danger is hidden in lowest entrapping abilities for the carbohydrates. In addition whereas the oil industries are leading by the volume of investments to the basic environmental assets, the gas industry stands at the bottom of the rank. High oil prices have led to bringing into service less effective wells with it becoming an additional factor of maximal growth of total and specific pollution in oil production centers with high initial level (130-570 kg per 1000 rubles in Beloyarskiy (Khanty-Mansiysky AO), Kedrovy (Tomsk oblast’), Frolovo (Volgograd oblast’), Pokhvistnevo (Samara oblast’)). The lowest specific emissions are typical for Bashkirian towns (Yanaul, Uchaly, Meleuz, Dyurtyuli) varying from 0.4-0.5 to 10-15 kg per 1000 rubles with towering tendency. Coal-mining centres are remarkable for highest volumes of specific emissions, with brown coal-mining areas exceeding 5-10 times the rate of pollution in stone-coal ones. The same coal basin towns show lower level of specific emissions if deep-mining is applied despite the change of accounting system for mine methane emissions. Probably, it also accounts for relatively low cost of the open-cast mining. As a rule specific emissions in towns with deep-mining decrease. Practically, there is the same tendency: specific emissions grow in the regions with higher pollution volumes and decline where the basic values were below the branch-average. Electric power industry occupies the intermediate position between the extractive and the manufacturing industries. As in the majority of the extractive industries, the manufacturing growth in this branch has caused the reduction of specific emissions. But the main factor of pollution in electric power industry is the composition of fuel balance. Generally, the raise of the gas portion in fuel balance (from 62% to 64%) and decrease of specific constant expenses have led to reduction of specific emissions. Nevertheless, there are some conditions that prevent one from regarding the branch situation as successful: 1. Against the background of the general gas fraction raise in small and average towns, the least efficient and outmoded low-powered facilities are enabled because of the favourable price conditions. Thus, the gas fraction has lowered mainly in a favour of coal before the beginning of 2000 in 20 towns located in the region periphery. The maximum reduction (down to 39%) is observed taken place in Sverdlovsk oblast’ towns – Serovsk, Verkhniy Tagil and Nizhneturinsk hydroelectric power stations (HPS) and the thermoelectric power station (TPS) in Kamensk-Uralskiy. It has happened due to manufacturing growth demand to involve coal boilers in addition to gas ones. As a result, the specific emissions have raised (though being already rather high) in all these towns, alike in the extractive industries. 2. The gas saturation is not possible further mainly because of the economic reasons (the home market gas prices are 7 times lower than export ones). The reduction of the black oil (mazut) portion as breaking the critical tendency of raising the fraction of local fuel has also almost exhausted its potential. Since the black oil output is 3 times greater than the gasoline one at our refineries, the reduction of its consumption in the power branch is not expected in near-term outlook. 3. The backward conversion to coal usage at some electric stations in the European Russia is planned within the new RAO "UES of Russia" strategy. The most stations with the first priority conversion are situated in the regions possessing environmental problems (TPS of Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk oblast’s, TPS-22 of Moscow oblast’). 4. At present time the efficiency of the most power generating supplies is comparable with the one in 50s of the past century. The average efficiency factor in the whole branch is 36% and is 25% for every ninth station, whereas it is remarkably greater than 50% in developed countries because of steam-gas facilities (SGF) embedding. In Russia SGF are working in the experimental Nevinnomyssk TPS from the times of Soviet Union. This TPS has the lowest specific emissions among all TPS dislocation centres (among both old coal ones – Suvorov, Myski, Verkhniy Tagil and comparatively new gas stations – Volgorechensk, Dobryanka). In the recent years the modern SGF have been implemented at North-West TPS and Tyumen TPS-1. The pilot RAO "UES of Russia" project has almost achieved some results: environmental situation has improved in Saint-Petersburg and Tyumen: specific emissions have dropped two times. The pollution process in non-ferrous metallurgy was quite stable due by highly localized manufacturing of RAO “Norilsk Nickel”. The main emission component (sulphides) can not be utilized on this plant without conversion to the hydrometallurgical redistribution because of some technological and geographic factors. So almost nothing has changed during the period of manufacturing growth. The aluminum industry where some manufacture investments has taken place, seems to be comparatively successful. At the same time, the set of old small plants in Ural region have their specific pollution raised. This takes place less significantly in the comparatively successful upper part of cycle (Verhnyaya Pyshma, Gaj , Sibay, Kyshtym), and more significantly for the old plants making the blister copper processing (Kirovograd, Krasnouralsk, Revda, Mednogorsk and especially Karabash). Recently, positive tendencies exist in the oil-refining industry and in the centres of motor-car manufacturing. In oil-refining industry some changes started in the midst of 90s. The changing stock of cars demand on the one hand, and building-up the vertically integrated companies on the other hand, have attracted the investments to this branch in order to produce petrol of higher quality. Specific emissions (for 1000 rubles of production) have declined 10 times in the cities with oil-refineries being the only source of pollution (Kirishi, Kstovo, Novokuybyshevsk, Syzran, Tuapse), and less in the cities where rewfineries are accompanied by other pollution sources (Yaroslavl, Ufa, Perm, Saratov, Volgograd, Omsk, Khabarovsk). However, specific emissions (per ton of primary purificated oil) have reduced two times only, as for manufactures with low (Tuapse), so with average (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and high initial level of specific pollution (Uhta). The rate of process mentioned above has already lowered by the 2002 due to the expenses are especially high for the permanent technological process on oil refinery in conditions of setback in production. So, when the production began to grow, the specific indices started reducing down to the certain limits. It is evident that the investments of fundamentally new quality are required for the next step. The petrol quality improvement along with the motor transport structure change (mainly in the largest cities) and the implementation of the program of road network reconstruction have led to reduction of gross and specific pollution originating from motor transport. For example, the construction of the Third transport circle in Moscow has led to emission reduction by 80 thousand tons. Without road construction and reconstruction and the improvements of quality of fuel and engines, the emission amount in Moscow (taking into account the recent growth of the autopark) would have exceeded the gross pollution of Norilsk by 2002 two times. Thus the growth of Russian economics far has not led to serious environmental consequences. However, the procedure of the compensating growth itself based mainly on the loading of idle facilities and usage of the ineffective deposits has yielded the raise of specific and gross loading in the cities with high initial level. The air pollution in the “dirtiest” branches has shifted to regional periphery. The process of pollution reduce has almost ceased in the cities where it had taken place. The peak of environmental conditions improvement by means of the oldest facilities liquidation is left behind and the qualitatively new re-equipment of manufactures is required. The actual positive shifts take its place in the branches possessing the combination of state regulation, wide-ranging investments and structural changes (as in motor transport and fuel production branches) only. The raise of activity scales in this branches has not led to the impact intensification. If the investments are acknowledged to be the key factor of the growth environmental price, then the procedures of economic regulation are possibly to be reconsidered. If 98% of atmospheric air protection actions are financed by the internal funds of the enterprises, the raise of fines and tariffs regarding the atmosphere pollution could led to the reverse effect – the reduction of environmental expenses. The tendencies of the environmental situation change in Russian cities during the period of economic growth.