ИСТИНА

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the current sole power source for EV propulsion, show up to 150–170 Wh/kg (ref. 3,4) with a volume- averaged price of US$176 1/kWh at the pack level. To enable the full driving performance and price of an ICE vehicle, the US Department of Energy estimated that automotive batteries need to deliver 235 Wh/kg. A general approach to increase the energy output in layered oxide cathodes is through an increase in the nickel content. At 4.3 V, roughly 200 mAh/kg specific capacity can be reversibly accessed from NCM-811 (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2) and NCA-80 (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2), in comparison to 160 mAh/g from NCM-111 (LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2). In actuality, by virtue of much less oxygen loss than from LiCoO2 at highly delithiated states, NCM/NCA across the entire composition spectrum can reach 800 Wh/kg cathode (or 210–215 mAh/kg at 3.7–3.8 V) while maintaining structural integrity at sufficiently high charging voltages. For our experimental work, NMC-622 and NMC-811 layered oxides were proposed to perform electrochemical testing