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Kolguev Island is located in the Pechora Sea, the south-eastern part of the Barents Sea. The ecosystem of the island is unique due to the total absence of rodents. The avifauna of Kolguev currently numbers 111 bird species, of which 57 are nesting. The absence of rodents and the relatively stable predation pressure caused high abundance of many bird species: Willow Grouse, geese (White-fronted Goose, Bean Goose and Barnacle Goose), some waders (Dunlin) and passerines (Lapland Bunting, Meadow Pipit). Over 125-years history of ornithological studies on Kolguev, the island avifauna has changed significantly. The trend towards an increase in the proportion of widespread and Siberian species while a decrease in the proportion of Arctic species was observed. Thorough monitoring of Kolguev avifauna has been carried out since 2006. During this period, the dynamics of the population density of 36 bird species was traced. The abundance of some waders (Grey Plover, Ruff, Dunlin) decreased as well as Lapland Bunting, while the numbers of Barnacle Goose increased sharply since 1980s. The breeding density of Rough-legged Buzzard also increased in recent years. The long-term monitoring of Kolguev ecosystems has indicated the high international conservation value of the island due to the high breeding density of many bird species. Our study presents a unique case of monitoring of lemming-free ecosystem, examples of which are quite rare in the Arctic. Study was supported by RFBR 18-05-60057.