WIND POWER STATIONS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Govorushko, S.M.

Автор: Govorushko S.M.
Журнал: Международный научный журнал Альтернативная энергетика и экология
Номер: 5
Год издания: 2011
Издательство: Науч.-техн. центр ТАТА
Местоположение издательства: Саров
Первая страница: 34
Последняя страница: 37
Аннотация: Wind is a motion of air relative to the Earth surface. The initiation of the wind is related to the non-uniform heating of the Earth due to cloudiness, heat accumulation by water bodies, surface relief, etc. Main parameters of wind are velocity and direction. Wind energy is the energy of the Sun converted into the kinetic energy of moving air masses. Wind power stations convert wind energy into electric power. They consist of several wind turbines constructed in one locality. The great wind power stations can consist of 100 or more wind turbines. Wind energy is used in more than 70 countries. The leaders in the generation and use of wind power are the United States, Spain, and China. At the end of 2008, wind power provided some 1.3% of global electricity consumed. According to the where they are placed, the following types of wind power plants can be identified: (1) ground (wind turbines are usually installed in the hills); (2) coastal, or onshore (a small distance from the sea coast); (3) offshore (constructed at sea, within 10–12 kilometres of shore); and (4) floating. The adverse effects of wind power engineering include the following: (1) condemnation of land; (2) influence on the animal world; (3) noise impact; (4) visual impact; and (5) electrical, radio, and television noises. Wind turbines can not be too close to each other, because their capacities will be reduced due to wind flow interference. Wind power plants require approximately 0.1 square kilometre of free space per 1 megawatt of power rating. The influence on the animal world is expressed as danger to birds, insects, and aquatic organisms. The impact on the ichthyofauna is most dangerous over the period of WPP construction: disturbances in their habitats result in fish migration and fish kill. The effect on marine mammals (dolphins, seals, whales) is minor. During the construction period, the bottom deposits and structure of turbulent currents change, which has an adverse effect, first of all, on benthic organisms. The extent of the impact depends on the substrate character; which is minimal in the case of bottom rock. During the operational period, when electric power is transmitted through a submarine cable, it can cause fright reactions among fish and bottom-dwelling organisms, and, in this case, the cable will be a barrier to fish migration. As for the effect on birds, 0.3–0.4 fatalities per gigawatt-hour of electricity have been recorded, which correspond to about 70,000 birds a year for the territory of the United States. The noise and visual impacts are minimal. Wind power stations are the source of radio and television interference. In particular, because of the reflection of radio waves in the ultra-short band and microwave range by the rotating blades of wind power plants, the normal operation of airlines’ navigational instruments is disturbed and reception of television transmissions is complicated.
Добавил в систему: Говорушко Сергей Михайлович

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