Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves

Hayakawa, M.; Schekotov, A.; Izutsu, J.; Nickolaenko, A.P.

Авторы: Hayakawa M., Schekotov A., Izutsu J., Nickolaenko A.P.
Журнал: International Journal of Electronics and Applied Research (IJEAR)
Том: 6
Номер: 2
Год издания: 2019
DOI: 10.33665/IJEAR.2019.v06i02.001
Аннотация: There has been an enormous progress in the field of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes (EQs) and EQ prediction during the last three decades, and it is recently agreed that electromagnetic effects do appear prior to an EQ. A few phenomena are well recognizedas being statistically correlated with EQs: one is the lithospheric radio emission in the ULF (ultra-low frequency, f<1Hz) range, and the second is ionospheric perturbation not only in the lower ionosphere as seen by subionospheric VLF (very low frequency, 3kHz<f<30kHz)/LF (low frequency, 30kHz<f<300 kHz) propagation but also in the upper F region as detected by ionosondes, TEC observations, satellite observations, etc. In addition to the above two phenomena, there have been several not-well-understood effects in possible association with EQs in the frequency ranges of ULF, ELF (extremely low frequency, 1Hz<f<3kHz) and VLF:(i)ULF/ELF transients (or Q bursts), (ii) anomaly in Schumann resonance (SR), (iii) ULF magnetic field depression, (iv) EQ effect on Pc1 pulsations, (v) VLF electromagnetic emissions, (vi) EQ effect on VLF/ ELF whistlers, and (vii) Lightning. The purpose of this paper is to review observational results on those items by different workers. We initially present a case study and then a statistical study for each topic with paying particular attention to its correlation with EQs. All of those effects can be physically explained in terms of two effects: one is likely to be associated with ionospheric perturbation as additional signatures of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC) process ((ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi)) and the other is some kind of discharge phenomena in the atmosphere as by-products of the LAIC process ((i), (v),and (vii)).Then, we can describe possible explanations (or modeling) ever proposed for each item, even though those models are all at the stage of hypothesis and not well proven observations. Further studies of these phenomena help us better understand the LAIC mechanism of our current interes
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Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic wavesстатья

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